Software crisis

Programming emergency Presentation: Since last 20-25 years, there has been a fast increment in the advancement of projects utilizing a PC. Likewise, the trouble level of programming has expanded undeniably. As such, an extraordinary change has happened in the advancement of PC programs. So as to make the projects increasingly unsurprising, various sorts of examples have been made. Be that as it may, the product business is as yet numerous years from turning into a develop building discipline. Indeed, even in todays society, programming is seen with doubt by numerous people, for example, ranking directors and clients, as something like dark enchantment. The outcome is that product is one of the most troublesome curios of the cutting edge world to create and fabricate. Designers deal with methods that can't be estimated or recreated. This, lead to another idea called programming emergency. It has become the longest proceeding with emergency in the designing scene, and it proceeds with unabated. As the idea of programming is that it is immaterial, flexible, and mentally serious and has paltry replication. Our definitive objective is to make quality programming on schedule and inside spending which can be accomplished through use of deliberate, taught, quantifiable way to deal with the turn of events, activity and upkeep of the product. Programming CRISIS The trouble of composing the code for a PC program which is right and justifiable is alluded to as programming emergency. The term programming emergency spins around three ideas: unpredictability, change and the desires. This term was given by F. L. Bauer at the main NATO Software Engineering Conference in 1968 at Garmisch, Germany. Current System configuration approach is exceedingly exact. It can't adapt to expanding frameworks intricacy. Various issues in programming improvement were recognized in 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The issues that product ventures experienced were: the tasks ran over-financial plan, made harm property even to life. In spite of our quick advancement, the product business is considered by numerous individuals to be in an emergency. Nearly 40 years back, the term Software Crisis developed to depict the product industrys failure to furnish clients with top notch items on time. When all is said in done it alludes to inadequately composed, hard to peruse, mistake inclined programming that regularly needs great documentation. Programming emergency is likewise alluded to the failure to employ enough qualified software engineers. It has become the longest proceeding with emergency in the designing scene and it proceeds with unabated. The most noticeable indications of the product emergency are late conveyance, over financial plan; Product doesn't meet determined necessities, lacking documentation. One of the most genuine objections against programming disappointment is the failure to appraise with satisfactory exactness the cost, assets, and timetable fundamental for a product venture. Regular evaluation techniques have consistently delivered positive outcomes which add to the too notable expense swarmed and plan slippage. As the world turns out to be increasingly more reliant on PCs and as the multifaceted nature of programming frameworks keeps on rising, the emergency can just deteriorate. It is especially extreme in essential portions of the economy, for example, the wellbeing and money related administr ations, and the transportation, fabricating, correspondence, influence age, and barrier ventures. Programming Crisis as far as measurements in 1990s * 31 % of undertakings dropped * 52.7% cost a normal of 189% over spending plan * 84% are late or over financial plan (91% for huge organizations.) * The normal framework is conveyed without 58% of proposed functionalities * $81 billion of every 1995 for dropped ventures * $51 billion of every 1995 for over-spending ventures Just 16.2% of programming ventures are finished on-schedule and on-financial plan. In bigger organizations, a pitiful 9% of innovation ventures come in on-schedule and on-financial plan. Moreover, around 33% of all tasks will be dropped before they ever get finished. Further outcomes show 53% of tasks will cost a normal of 189% of their unique appraisals. In monetary terms this examination uncovered that over $100 billion in abrogations and $60 billion in financial plan over runs happen in the Software Sector yearly. CAUSES Programming designing today is in serious emergency. The circumstance is especially horrid on the grounds that this emergency isn't generally recognized by the product advancement industry. The reasons for programming emergency were connected to the general intricacy of the product procedure and the overall youthfulness of programming building as a calling. The primary explanation behind the emergency is the absence of a sound programming development technique with which to deal with the high multifaceted nature of present day applications. The idea of a product emergency developed toward the finish of the 1960s. An early utilization of the term is in Edsger Dijkstras ACM Turing Award Lecture, The Humble Programmer (EWD340), given in 1972 and distributed in the Communications of the ACM. Dijkstra says, The significant reason for the product emergency is] that the machines have become a few significant degrees all the more remarkable! To put it obtusely: as long as there were no machines, writing computer programs was no issue by any means; when we had a couple of feeble PCs, programming turned into a gentle issue, and now we have monstrous PCs, programming has become a similarly huge issue. Edsger Dijkstra * The expense of possessing and keeping up programming during the 1980s was twice as costly as building up the product. * During the 1990s, the expense of proprietorship and upkeep expanded by 30% over the 1980s. * In 1995, insights demonstrated that half of overviewed improvement ventures were operational, however were not viewed as fruitful. * The normal programming venture overshoots its calendar considerably. * Three fourth of all huge programming items conveyed to the client are disappointments that are either not utilized by any means, or don't meet the clients necessities. To clarify the current programming emergency in basic words, think about the accompanying. The costs that associations all around the globe are bringing about on programming buys contrasted with those on equipment buys have been demonstrating a stressing pattern throughout the years. Not exclusively are the product items ending up being more costly than equipment, however they likewise present a large group of different issues to the clients: programming items are hard to modify, troubleshoot, and improve; use assets no ideally; regularly neglect to meet the client necessities; are a long way from being solid; much of the time crash; and are frequently conveyed late. Among these, the pattern of expanding programming costs is likely the most significant side effect of the current programming emergency. Programming emergency: The current situation The Software Crisis started 4 decades prior and proceeds with today. During the 60s, we started to discuss a product emergency. A multi year long emergency was starting. An overall examination exertion additionally started. Today, the circumstance is very unique. We have a Science of Programming. We know a lot about how to structure and record programming, yet the Software Crisis proceeds with unabated! The product emergency proceeds in light of the fact that the correspondence between Computer Scientists and the individuals who compose programming, including the Engineers, has been exceptionally poor. Current programming gauges, are powerless, shallow, and are not founded on programming science. Procedure arranged norms are unfilled in light of the fact that there are no item/record measures. Arrangement In the course of the most recent twenty years a wide range of ideal models have been made in endeavor to make programming advancement increasingly unsurprising and controllable. While there is no single answer for the emergency, much has been discovered that can straightforwardly profit todays programming ventures. One of the potential answers for the product emergency is the investigation of programming designing. It is accepted that the main good answer for the current programming emergency can emerge out of a spread of programming designing practices among the specialists, combined with further headways in the product building train itself. Programming designing is worried about all parts of programming creation from the beginning times of framework particular through to keeping up the framework after it has gone into utilization. As an answer for this product emergency, we should apply a disciplinary imaginativeness; utilizing apparatuses that assist us with dealing with this mul tifaceted nature. The talented frameworks engineer, can using these strategies and by the utilization of frameworks building techniques and venture the board abilities, diminish the requests set on programming engineers, henceforth lessening the product designing exertion and furthermore decreasing the all out improvement cost. Yet, there is no single methodology which will forestall all the results of programming emergency in all cases. While there is no single answer for the emergency, much has been discovered that can straightforwardly profit todays programming ventures. It is our human powerlessness to manage intricacy that lies at the foundation of the product emergency. It has been noted much of the time that we are encountering a product emergency, portrayed by our failure to create right, dependable programming inside spending plan and on schedule. Almost certainly, a significant number of our disappointments are brought about by the natural unpredictability of the product a dvancement process, for which there regularly is no systematic portrayal. Using PC supported emblematic determination methods and reproduction, and with a comprehension of the product advancement process, the talented frameworks designer can add to the goals of the product emergency. The talented frameworks engineer, can using these procedures and by the use of frameworks designing strategies and undertaking the board abilities, diminish the requests put on programming engineers, thus lessening the product building exertion and furthermore decreasing the all out improvement cost. In programming building, the conceivable answer for programming measurements is the utilization of legitimate programming measurements and the best possible use of these m

Thomas Jefferson Dbq Notes Essay Example for Free

Thomas Jefferson Dbq Notes Essay The statement of autonomy By Thomas Jefferson Argument * Thomas Jefferson â€Å"Necessary for one individuals to break down the political groups which have associated them with another, and to accept, among the forces of the earth , the isolated and equivalent station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God entitle them, a conventional regard to the assessments of humanity necessitates that they ought to announce the causes which induce them to the separation† * Thomas Jefferson needed all settlements to have the right to speak freely of discourse, being qualified for their autonomy and their privileges. Proof * â€Å"We hold these facts to act naturally â€evident †That all men are made equivalent; that they are supplied by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life , freedom and the quest for bliss. † * â€Å"†¦. driving their fair powers from the assent of the administrations; that, at whatever point any type of government gets damaging of these finishes, it is the privilege of the individuals to adjust or to nullify it, and to found its capacity in such structure as to them will appear to be generally similar to impact their security and bliss.  in General Congress amassed, speaking to the preeminent appointed authority of the world for the integrity of our expectations , do , in the name and by the authority of the great individuals of these provinces , gravely distribute and proclaim, that these United Colonies are, and of the territory of Great Britain is, and should be, completely disintegrated; and that, as free and autonom ous states, they have full capacity to demand war, finish up harmony, contract partnerships, set up trade and to do every single other act and things which free states may of right do. Advances * Pathos-â€Å"that all men are made equivalent; that they are blessed by their maker with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, freedom, and the quest for satisfaction. † * Logos-â€Å"the history of the current King of Great Britian is a background marked by rehashed wounds and usurpations, all having, in direct article, the foundation of a flat out oppression over these oceans. * Ethos-Rhetorical Strategies amp; Analysis * Thomas Jefferson utilizes ANAPHORA as an explanatory system inside his discourse rehashing â€Å"He Has†. * Thomas Jefferson has an edge with in his discourse he starts with expressing his contention of human rights and finishes with his contention.

Center for the Study of Human Rights COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Center for the Study of Human Rights COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog One of the hallmarks of SIPA is the large number of institutes, centers, and programs that reflect both the research interests of the faculty and the issues faced by todays policymakers.   We recently reached out to the Center for the Study of Human Rights and asked them to provide a snippet of what is available through their center.   Enjoy! Center for the Study of Human Rights 91 Claremont Avenue, 7th Floor Tower Website: http://hrcolumbia.org/ Email: cshr@columbia.edu The Center for the Study of Human Rights, which has been a focal point for human rights activities on campus for almost 30 years, is a major partner and resource for the academic work of SIPA students. The close cooperation between the Center and the SIPA program has fostered new and old synergies, which continue to benefit SIPA students as well as the University at large. Opportunities and services that CSHR offers to SIPA students include: Human Rights Events http://hrcolumbia.org/research/ Throughout the year, CSHR organizes and co-sponsors a number of human rights events on campus. Examples of events held in 2009 include: •       CSHR’s annual welcome reception •       SIPA brown bag lectures given by CSHR’s Human Rights Advocates. •       Lecture series on: Indigenous Peoples’ Issues: International Perspectives Global Challenges •       Towards Sustainable Peace in Darfur •       Creating a World without Poverty â€" Dr. Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Peace Prize Recipient •       Lunch Discussion with 2008 Human Rights Watch Human Rights Defender Awardees •       The Battle of Ideas Still Rages: Attacks on Academic Freedom in the 21st Century •       Combating Torture â€" Manfred Nowak, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment Events Calendar CSHR publishes a calendar of all human rights events on the University’s campus. This calendar can be found at: http://hrcolumbia.org/calendar/ Information on Human Rights Internships and Job Opportunities CSHR sends out a regular email to inform students of human rights opportunities. To be included on this listserve, please email cshr@columbia.edu with “subscribe cshralum” in the title.   Please include your full name and the email address you wish to subscribe. Work Study Opportunities CSHR hires approximately 6 students each semester as work studies. If you are work-study eligible and are interested in working with us, please email a resume and cover letter to cshr@columbia.edu with “work-study” and your name in the email subject. Human Rights Advocates Program Each year, grassroots human rights advocates participate in CSHR’s Human Rights Advocates Program (HRAP). HRAP’s comprehensive program of advocacy, networking, skills-building, and academic coursework provides advocates the opportunity to hone practical skills, develop a deeper understanding of human rights, and foster mutually beneficial relationships with influential organizations and individuals in their respective fields. As part of this program, Advocates audit SIPA and other Columbia University courses, speak at events organized by SIPA student groups, and participate in the annual Human Rights Concentrators’ Retreat. In the past, many SIPA students have formed collaborative professional relationships with the Advocates. For example, SIPA students often complete summer internships at the Advocates’ host organizations. Quote from a recent graduate: “Meeting John Caulker, one of the Advocates of 2007, was in all respects a life-altering experience. Having met a few times for coffee, we soon realized we had many interests in common. I had more academic experience in some areas, whereas John had an amazing practical experience, implementing human rights work in West Africa. He opened my eyes to his native Sierra Leone and invited me to work with him there. This was what eventually led to me founding an organization working with peacebuilding in the country and today our organizations are partnering in our work. In short, the Advocates Program offers invaluable possibilities not only for those visiting Columbia from abroad, but certainly also for us students.” â€" Jakob Lund, SIPA student, MIA 2009

Childhood Trauma and Symptoms of Psychological Disorders...

Psychology researchers have conducted many case studies and have spent countless hours reviewing case studies that have already been done to try to find the answer to the question, does childhood trauma cause and effect the symptoms of patients with psychological disorders such as Schizophrenia and Psychosis, or can the trauma cause a patient to have Schizophrenia or Psychosis. Many case studies’ findings state that there is a link. Some studies say only certain symptoms are affected. I want to know what symptoms are affected and what kind of childhood trauma could have possibly affected the symptoms of patients who have been diagnosed with Schizophrenia and Psychosis, or if the childhood trauma could have caused a patient‘s mental†¦show more content†¦This paper could also help families of patients with Schizophrenia or Psychosis by helping families understand what symptoms are heightened by childhood trauma, if the Schizophrenia or Psychosis illness was becau se of the childhood trauma. how to prevent the symptoms from becoming prominent, and what the family can do emotionally to help its psychologically distressed loved one. Does childhood trauma affect the symptoms of patients with psychological disorders such as Psychosis and Schizophrenia, or even cause Schizophrenia or Psychosis? Though I am limited by not being able to do a case study of my own to answer my thesis, I can use the findings from other researchers and their case studies, along with other resources and tools available to help answer my thesis. I have looked and will continue to look through libraries and online databases for creditable sources and case studies. So far, I have compiled the following sources to help with my research. â€Å"Childhood trauma and cognitive function in first-episode affective and non-affective psychosis† is an article explaining how researchers conducted a study to compare childhood trauma and its effects on patients with psychosis (Aa s). The study included effects on memory, executive function, and cognitive function. 138 people who have a â€Å"first-episode of psychosis† (Aas, et al 16) from London along with the same amount ofShow MoreRelatedBipolar Disorder : Psychological Trauma And Neurobiological Abnormalities1627 Words   |  7 Pagesbipolar disorder are often misdiagnosed because bipolar is such a complex disorder that contains symptoms of other mental illnesses. Bipolar disorder is a debilitating mental illness that consists of multiple different forms, each with their own symptoms and severity. Bipolar I and bipolar II are the two main forms of the disorder and often the most studied. 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DID can be defined by a single individual carrying around two or more alternate personalities (that is alters) (Boysen VanBergen, 2013). The criteria for DID is amicable by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). Followed

How a Tree Gets Its Scientific Name

Tree species and their names are a product of a two-part plant naming system that was introduced and promoted by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus grand achievement was the development of what is now called binomial nomenclature - a formal system of naming species of living things, including trees, by giving each tree a name composed of two parts called the genus and the species. These names are based on never-to-change Latin words. So Latin terms, when broken into their respective tree genus and species, are called a trees scientific name. When using that special name, a tree can be identified by botanists and foresters around the world and in any language. The problem before the use of this taxonomic Linnaean tree classification system was the confusion surrounding the use, or misuse, of common names. Using common tree names as the only tree descriptor still presents problems today as common names differ greatly from location to location. Common names of trees are not as commonly used as you might think when traveling through the trees natural range. Lets look at the sweetgum tree as an example. Sweetgum is very common throughout the eastern United States as both a wild, native tree and also a tree planted in the landscape. Sweetgum can have only one scientific name, Liquidambar styraciflua, but has several common names including redgum, sapgum, starleaf-gum, gum maple, alligator-wood, and bilsted. A Tree and Its Species Classification What does species of tree mean? A tree species is an individual kind of tree that shares common parts on the lowest taxonomic level. Trees of the same species have the same characteristics of bark, leaf, flower, and seed and present the same general appearance. The word species is both singular and plural. There are nearly 1,200 tree species that grow naturally in the United States. Each tree species tends to grow together in what foresters call tree ranges and timber types, which are confined to geographic areas with similar climatic and soil conditions. Many more have been introduced from outside North America and are considered to be naturalized exotics. These trees do very well when grown in similar conditions they were native to. It is interesting that tree species in the United States far exceeds the native species of Europe. A Tree and Its Genus Classification What does genus of tree mean? Genus refers to the lowest classification of a tree before determining the related species. Trees of the genus have the same basic flower structure and may resemble other genus members in outward appearance. Tree members within a genus can still vary significantly in leaf shape, style of fruit, the color of bark and tree form. The plural of genus is genera. Unlike common tree names where the species is often named first; for example, red oak, blue spruce, and silver maple - the scientific genus name is always named first; for example, Quercus rubra, Picea pungens, and Acer saccharinum. The Hawthorn tree, genus Crataegus, leads the tree genera with the longest list of species - 165. Crataegus is also the most complicated tree to identify down to the species level. The oak tree or genus Quercus is the most common forest tree with the greatest number of species. Oaks have some 60 related species and are native to nearly every state or province in North America. North Americas Species-Rich Eastern Forest Eastern North America and most particularly the southern Appalachian Mountains claim the title of having the most native tree species of any area of North America. Seems like this area was a natural sanctuary ​where conditions allowed trees to survive and multiply after the Ice Age. Interestingly, Florida and California can brag about their total number of tree species which were, and are, transported into these states from all over the world. One may cringe when someone asks them to identify a tree from these two states. They know immediately that it will be a word search of a bountiful tropic tree list. These exotic immigrants are not only an identification problem but also an invasive problem with future negative habitat change.

Ethics and Gender Roles Free Essays

In order for a particular product or service to be successful in the industry, it needs to be clearly positioned within its market. The positioning should reflect the needs of the customers as well as the position of the company in relation to competitors. Depending on the positioning, the marketing team can decide what attributes of the product to amplify in their campaigns and what steps will be required to form the proper connections to the customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethics and Gender Roles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore, the position adopted by a firm also impacts brand equity, as in, the kinds of associations customers make to the product, their level of loyalty, and brand awareness. The main ethical issue in advertising is the depiction of men and women in their stereotypical gender-roles. Men are usually depicted as powerful, successful, driven and dignified. Women on the other hand are increasing being depicted as sexualized objects often dependent on men. One of the main ethical issues is that in many of the ads the women serve mainly as a â€Å"decoration† i. . they have no functional relationship to the product being advertised. For example, Axe is well known for its over sexualization of women in its ads to sell men’s personal care products. Another trend seems to be the use of only parts of a woman’s body in advertisements particularly a woman’s breasts and legs as stated by Jean Kilbourne in her movies â€Å"Killing Us Softly†. The implication s of such practices are even greeter because of the number of ads that consumers are exposed to daily through television, newspapers, magazines and billboards. It is estimated that this number has grown from 500 ads daily in 1970 to 5000 ads a day in 2009 (Johnson, 2009). The messages imparted by ads, if they are repeated over long periods of time as in the case of gender roles in society, can distort perceptions of what is realistic as well as what is right and wrong. Since women are repeatedly cast as submissive sexual objects whose place is primarily at home or in traditional occupations of nurses, teachers, secretaries the ads in a way are telling the society what to think. The primary critical players are the consumers who are being marketed to and the secondary players are the firms marketing the product. The consumers and the society at large are deeply affected by the ethical implications of ads mainly because of the values, beliefs, attitudes, propagated by them. Implicit in these values and beliefs is some level of â€Å"standard setting†. For example: in many Vodka ads that primarily market to women, excessive drinking is glamorized and implied as a â€Å"standard† behavior wherein women alternate between â€Å"good girl vs bad girl† roles. If (and it often is) this message is subconsciously or consciously understood and adopted as a lifestyle, it can have far from positive manifestations such as a binge-drinking culture that is widespread among college students which leads to other consequences such as alcohol poisoning, accidents, and ill physical health of people who try to simulate what they learn from ads, in real life. There is also a disturbing trend of ads romanticizing sexual assault and domestic violence to sell products (Capella, 2010). This can invariably lead to a spread in unhealthy social conditions. Marketing personnel are critical players because they formulate the ads. Some campaign creators do not agree that their actions may be unethical. In fact, they state that the ads reflect consumer behavior and expectations. It is also argued that there is generally â€Å"positive† reaction to beautiful males and females placed in ads which not only increase the attractiveness of the product but also the chances of increased sales precisely because of the employment of the same techniques that are being called unethical (Reichert, T. LaTour, M. S. , Lambiase, J. I. , Adkins, M. 2007).. The decision alternative is to essentially rethink the kinds of messages that the firm wants to put forward. It is not unethical to use healthy and reasonably beautiful women and men in ads, rather, it is the wholesome vs derogatory manner in which they are shown that makes the ad questionable. Firms should avoid focusing on the sexually provocative body parts of women (and increasingly men) to s ell an unrelated product. They should avoid glamorizing undesirable social behaviors such as promiscuousness of both sexes, over-drinking, drugs, or unhealthy lifestyles. In contrast to superficial ads, they should actively seek out methods to connect with consumers on a deeper level than physical attractiveness or sexual gratification. An excellent example of this is Dove’s efforts to touch on a more genuine vein. Furthermore, firms to focus on minimizing the use of ‘decorative’ male/female i. e. here should be a connection between the product being advertised and the person advertising it. The implications for the critical players are hard to quantify. Women and men have been depicted in their expected roles exhibiting their stereotypical traits for a very long time. One reason this has persisted, unfortunately, is that is a successful method. Everyone wants to beautiful, glamorous, and desired and the marketing industry has picked up these human traits to turn them into profits. Therefore, for the marketing firms, adopting an alternative strategy to work as well as the unethical methods they have been using for so long will be very challenging. However, as Dove has proved, this is not impossible especially in the face of increasing concern over how men and women are depicted by the media. In the long run, a more wholesome strategy can lead to stronger brand equity through increased brand loyalty and positive brand associations. For the consumers, a more ethical and realistic representation of men and women will lead to positive impacts. People may stop exhibiting extreme behaviors to satisfy standards set by the marketing world and be more self-satisfied, have higher self-esteem and satisfaction with their identities. The objectification is not spread to children, particularly young girls, such as the Oh Lola! perfume by Marc Jacobs. Not only does the model look like an underage girl (which is perhaps intended) but she is sitting suggestively(Exhibit One). Therefore, it becomes necessary to clearly define what is acceptable and what isn’t. Work Cited Capella, M. L. , Hill, R. , Rapp, J. M. Kees, J. (2010). The impact of violence against women in advertisements. Journal Of Advertising, 39(4), 37-51. doi:10. 2753/JOA0091-3367390403 Johnson, C. (2009, February 11). Cutting through advertising clutter. Retrieved from http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-3445_162-2015684. html Reichert, T. , LaTour, M. S. , Lambiase, J. I. , Adkins, M. (2007). A Test of Medi a Literacy Effects and Sexual Objectification in Advertising. Journal Of Current Issues Research In Advertising (CTC Press), 29(1), 81-92. Exhibit One—Picture of Marc Jacobs Ad How to cite Ethics and Gender Roles, Essay examples

Romanticism In The Aspect Of Nature Essay Example For Students

Romanticism In The Aspect Of Nature Essay Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. It was limited to Europe and America although different compatriots donated to its birth and popularity. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the arts and the rapid advancement of science and technology. However, Romanticism was very impressionative on most individuals during its time. This was because it was expressed in two main aspects of life: literature, and art. In literature, Romanticism was to some extent a reaction against the strict rules formulated by the Neoclassicists. The first fully Romantic poetry was Lyrical Ballads 1798 by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworths The World is Too Much With Us 1802 emphasizes a world being plagued by materialism while steadily losing its spirituality. He used Greek mythological figures to symbolize that the nature the ancients enjoyed could not be destroyed by the Industrial Age. Wordsworth, and Coleridge, described nature in an exclusive way because landscape was the main principal in their works. Mind of Man, as Wordsworth observed, was a poets response to the natural scenes that inspired their thinking. Despite all of this, nature commonly was the focus of Romantic painters. Romantic painters rebelled against the objectivity and composure of the prevailing Neoclassic style. The art is colorful, expressive, and full of movement. Though we have not read or talked about John Constable I thought he was a very interesting artist. John Constables Wivenhoe Park, Essex 1816, is a pristine example of his scientific approach to capturing the qualities of atmosphere, light, and sky. Constable used God in nature, creativity, and the peaceful aspects of nature in this work. He is famed for his Constable sky, which is the main element of his portrayal of the scene at Wivenhoe Park. In conclusion, Romanticism was a movement in the arts and in social thought. It varied from one group, or individual to another, but certain characteristics were common to most aspects of the movement. Among these characteristics were individualism, emotional expression, rejection of rules of art forms, imagination rather than reason, and expression of the sublime or peaceful aspects of nature. There were also definite or specific characteristics that Romanticists opposed. Such characteristics included empiricism, mechanization, dehumanization, and increased materialism.

The Theory of Human Caring Essay Example

The Theory of Human Caring Paper Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring represents a dramatic paradigm shift, and as a result, it has been a source of great controversy since its introduction. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the comprehension of the theory, the implications of caring, and the application of the theory to practice in an attempt to show that the Theory of Human Caring is valuable to the nursing profession. Sources include published literature, including the work of Jean Watson. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring: Is It Valuable to the Profession of Nursing? Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring represents a dramatic paradigm shift, and as a result, it has been a source of great controversy since its introduction. It is still a relatively new theory, with the first publication in 1979 in Watson’s book Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring. Possibly due to its newness, there is still much debate over the ease of comprehension of her work, the implications of caring within her theory, and whether her theory is applicable to nursing practice in today’s world of advanced technology and budget cuts. We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Human Caring specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Human Caring specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Theory of Human Caring specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This paper will explore each of these issues regarding the theory, and attempt to demonstrate that Watson’s Theory of Human Caring definitely has a place in nursing practice today. A Summary of Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring Jean Watson views nursing as an art and a science, which has the goal of preserving the worth of humankind through the process of caring. Caring is seen as the essence of nursing and a moral ideal: Caring†¦has to become a will, an intention, a commitment, and a conscious judgment that manifests itself in concrete acts. Human care, as a moral ideal, also transcends the act and goes beyond the specific act of an individual nurse and produces collective acts of the nursing profession that have important consequences for human civilization (Watson, 1988, p. 32). Also, Watson stresses the subjectivity of the human experience, and uses the term phenomenal field to describe a person’s individual frame of reference, which is influenced by past experiences and can never be truly known by another person. Anotheraspect of Watson’s theory is transpersonal caring, in which nurse and patient coparticipate in the goal of achieving health (Watson, 1988, p. 70). Watson (1988) defines health as harmony between mind, body and soul, and illness as a subjective disharmony between mind, body, and soul. As well, integral to Watson’s theory are the 10 carative factors that serve as a â€Å"framework for providing a structure and order for nursing phenomena† (Watson, 1997, p. 50). The 10 carative factors are as follows: 1) Humanistic-altruistic system of values 2) Faith-hope 3) Sensitivity to self and others 4) Helping-trusting, human care relationship 5) Expressing positive and negative feelings 6) Creative problem-solving caring process 7) Transpersonal teaching-learning 8) Supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment 9) Human needs assistance 10) Existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces. All of this is presupposed by a knowledge base and clinical competence (Watson, 1988, p. 75). Watson (1988) believes that nursing must separate itself from the reductionistic views of the traditional science medical paradigm and focus on movement towards a human science nursing paradigm. Watson also readily acknowledges that her theory is a work in progress, and she â€Å"invites participants to co-create the model’s furtheremergence† (Watson, 1997, p. 52). This is in accordance with her theory in that she believes that everything is in an unending process of becoming (Watson, 1988). Discussion of The Theory of Human Caring Comprehension Watson’s Theory of Caring has been influenced by a variety of disciplines outside of nursing. For example, Watson (1997) acknowledged that aspects of psychology, existential-phenomenological philosophy, and metaphysics helped to mold her theory. As a result, authors such as Cohen (1991) and Barnhart et al. (as cited in McCance, McKenna, Boore, 1999) believe that one must have background knowledge of these disciplines in order to fully understand Watson’s theory. Furthermore, it has been suggested that nurses may not possess this knowledge (McCance et al. , 1999), which may make the theory less appealing. To expand, McKenna (as cited in McCance et al. , 1999) stated that â€Å"theory should be easily understood if it is to gain the attention and commitment of hard pressed clinicians† (p. 1393). However, it must be stated that nurses should not be viewed as incapable of acquiring knowledge in disciplines such as psychology and philosophy. As well, the application of Watson’s theory in a variety of different areas of nursing (which will be discussed later in this paper) suggests that nurses have been able to utilize the theory successfully, regardless of educational background. Watson has also been criticized for using language and concepts in her model that are difficult to understand (Barker Reynolds, as cited in Sourial, 1996), which has the potential to limit the theory’s success. Sourial (1996) found that Watson frequently substituted different terms for the same idea without explanation, leading to confusion (i. e. , caring transaction, caring moment and caring occasion are equivalent terms). Sourial(1996) suggested that using â€Å"consistent terminology†¦[and] additional diagrams would help to clarify and make her [Watson’s] theory more concise† (p. 403). Conversely, Walker (1996) argued that Watson â€Å"explain[s] abstract phenomena by using ordinary language in extraordinary ways† (p. 992), and that she â€Å" weaves concepts and ideas together with the elegant simplicity of a work of literature† (p. 993). Furthermore, students of the College of Nursing in London who were taught to use the Theory of Human Caring, â€Å"found the language in Watson’s model difficult, describing it as ‘American’ at first, but they were quickly able to find examples from their experience and use Watson’s concepts skillfully and fluently† (Allan, 1996, p. 43). It is easy to see from the above sources that the perceived difficulty of Watson’s language is a subjective experience.

Does Animal Farm fit the definition of a fable Essays

Does Animal Farm fit the definition of a fable Essays Does Animal Farm fit the definition of a fable Paper Does Animal Farm fit the definition of a fable Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm Literature A fable is a story with animal characters which teaches a lesson or has a moral. The animals speak like humans and normally have a specific quality, such as the slow tortoise and the speedy hare. A famous fable writer was Aesop. Characters do not develop much in the story and humour is often used. Fables are made-up stories but often make important points about real life. The fable (In Greek language Muzos which you can literally translate as myth) has its own evolution over time, according to the development of the people expressing it and their culture. Animal Farm is written by George Orwell. The animals of Manor Farm overthrow their human master and look forward to a new way of living, one with peace and freedom, but when the pigs of the farm take control of Animal Farm, they create havoc and all animals are soon back to their old ways and conditions of starvation, overwork and intimidation. The animals have not succeeded in their desire to be equal. This is shown when Benjamin reads out on a wall, All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others. This story fulfils many of the characteristics of a fable. The characters do show many human strong points and also display human weaknesses and faults such as greed, pride and vanity. This case can be seen in two pigs who personify greediness physically and mentally; particularly physically when Squealer promotes that they keep all the milk and apples because it is necessary for pigs to have foods like this in their diet in order to give them the strength to lead effectively. Sycophancy is shown by Boxer when he says If Comrade Napoleon says it, it is right and Napoleon is always right. When all the animals were learning to read they couldnt remember all seven commandments and Snowball narrowed it down to one commandment which was Four legs good, two legs bad. The sheep, especially, really believed this commandment and chanted it through the farm repeatedly. This illustrates another of the human faults often shown in a fable; that of gullibility. The weakness of vanity is also exposed in the second chapter when Molly the pony takes a piece of ribbon from Mrs Jones dressing table and was holding it against herself and admiring herself in the glass in a very foolish manner Animal Farm also relates to a fable for it does express a moral message and the story is trying to communicate a lesson. It suggests that war is not the answer and that having power can change everything, and can affect people in negative ways. At dark times of the story they use humour, which is often used in fables, such as when the assassination of a traitor ram is described. He is chased round a bonfire when he has a cough! The story is suitable for children as it has a fun, fairy tale element and uses understandable vocabulary. Most of the characters in the story we know very little about as individuals. Many are just grouped by their species, such as the pigs and hens but others have names and are more developed in the chapters. Napoleons motives are explored and he shows his evil side when Snowball is chased off the farm, and Boxer evokes the readers sympathy when he gets hurt, as we have come to appreciate his straight-forward and honest character which the author has developed through the story. Unlike most fables, Animal Farm does not quote a moral at the end of the story, which makes it hard for the reader to realise it is a fable and that there is a message behind it. After reading the story, which is also quite different from a traditional fable because of its length, the reader is left to figure out what the lesson is and what good human points and bad human points are being expressed. In conclusion, Animal Farm is a fable but has its own subtle elements. I think that making the story longer than any other fable creates drama and makes the reader think hard about whether it is a fable, has a moral or is trying to send a message about what happens in everyday life.

Materials and Hardware Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Materials and Hardware - Essay Example Aircrafts can be of fixed wing construction or rotary wing construction. The fixed wing construction consists of the Fuselage, wings, stabilizers, flight control mechanisms and the landing gears while the rotary wing aircraft consists of a main rotor assembly, tail rotor assembly apart from the fuselage and landing gear. (Sun.C.T, 2006) The main properties that are relevant to the maintenance cost and the performance of the aircraft are 1. Density of the material used 2. Stiffness (Young’s Modulus) of the material. 3. Strength (Ultimate and Yield strength) of the material. 4. Fatigue strength of parts which is the ability of a structural member to absorb sustained loads. 5. Toughness to resist fracture and prevent crack propagation. 6. Resistance to corrosion. Use of light alloys in aircraft construction. The different parts of an aircraft that are critical to its functioning include fuselage and the wings, landing systems and stabilizing equipment that form part of the aerosp ace system. Source: Quilter Adam, Composites in Aerospace Applications, Viewed on 28th February 2011. Fuselage is the body of the aircraft and is the space which houses the cargo shipment and all human personnel. This usually employs the monocoque or semi-moncoque construction and uses frames and bulkheads to define the shape of the fuselage. It is however the skin that would bear the entire load of primary stress. (Sun.C.T, 2006) Steel alloys, Aluminium alloys and Titanium alloys are generally used in aircraft construction. Steel alloys have the largest densities and are used generally where high strength and yield strength are of importance. Landing gear units especially employ steel alloys of grade 300M. This has strength of 27000psi and yield stress of 220000 psi. (Sun.C.T, 2006) Alumunium alloys have excellent mechanical properties with low weight to volume ratio. The commonly used aluminium alloys include 2024 and 7075 alloys. Of the 2024 alloys, 2024-T3, T42 have superior fra cture toughness. These alloys are also resistant to fatigue failure with a slow propagation of crack rate. T3 and T42 indicate the heat treatment process that has been used. These are generally used in the construction of aircraft skins due to its shiny and excellent finish characteristics. Ultimate strength of 2024-T3 is around 62000psi with an allowable shearing stress of 40000psi. (Experimental Aircraft Info , 2006) 6061-T6 has good welding characteristics and can be fabricated with the commonly used manufacturing methods. Source: Fuselage of Boeing 777 under construction, Boeing Company, Viewed 28th Feb, 2011 These have an ultimate strength of 45000 psi with an allowable shearing stress of 30000psi and are typically used in aircraft landing mats. 7075-T6, T651 on the other hand have greater strength but has low resistance to fracture. (Engineering studies, 1999) Different aluminium alloys are used in different locations on the aircraft. Since the upper part of the wing is expose d to compressive stress these parts are made of 7075-T6 whiles the fuselage and lower wing sections that have tendencies to fail by fatigue due to the cyclic nature of the stress involved, are made of 2024-T3. (Sun.C.T, 2006) 7075 alloys typically have an ultimate strength of 33000 psi and an allowable shearing stress of 22000 psi. 5052-H32 aluminium alloys

Human relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human relationship - Essay Example Collaboration should be viewed as an opportunity to build bridges rather than working against one another. Trust and respect are vital to positive collaboration because these values remove any doubts or fears one side may have about the other. While collaboration works well between differing parties, it can also be highly successful within a single team. Instead of discussing individual needs, a greater focus needs to be on the team as a whole. Flexibility is absolutely necessary to make this happen because it is usually not possible for everyone to get what they want, but that does not mean that they have to feel disappointed. One example of collaboration is when two departments need to work together on a construction plan for a new property. All of the wants and needs should be included in the plans, but if there are any conflicts then they should be resolved through collaboration. It may be that one department has to give something up but can also be accommodated in another area to make up for it. Teamwork occurs when a group of individuals are committed to achieving a goal or objective for the betterment of the team as a whole. Unlike collaboration, which often involves two conflicting parties, teamwork is much more suitable to a group environment where everyone is hopefully on the same page. One thing that makes teamwork distinctive is that each group member has a role and responsibility to carry out. One advantage of teamwork over individual work is that with groupthink it is possible to come up with more robust and complex solutions to problems. Teamwork requires each group member to buy-in to the ideals of the team and develop a common understanding. Rules and regulations do not need to be defined in a formal manner because each member should know the boundaries. All successful teams have at least one person in a leadership role, whether that is well-defined or loose. Above all, the team leader is expected to

Industrial Relations In Britain Management Essay

Industrial Relations In Britain Management Essay Introduction The management of industrial relations in Great Britain has changed notably in the last three decades. Industrial relations management has been significantly affected by several factors: economic climate, political change, and social environment. After world war two, British economic condition has gradually fallen down. It has been proved that it is much more complicated to manage industrial relations than before. The causes can be analyzed from many aspects: the increasing competition in product market, globalized trend, restructuring labor force, and reduced unions power. From 1979, the power of trade unions has been greatly restricted by government. Deregulation on the labor market also has been enhanced. At the same time, British economy had to face a severe international competition with high inflation and unemployment in domestic. Then, what are the changes of British industrial relations in the last three decades. What are major factors influencing British industrial relations management. We plan to find out more in the following parts. First, the nature of industrial relations management was the first issue. Then, industrial relations management in the period from 1979-1997 and period from post-1997 has been discussed respectively from two aspects: economic and political factors. Finally, the role and influence of employer, trade union and government have been embedded respectively. Human resource management in industrial relations In the 1980s and 1990s, the attitudes and strategies of industrial relations have been changed. Debates about human resource management practice in industrial relations were hot issues in management field. And individualism and collectivism in industrial relations were focused as well. First, look at the political and economic environment. From 1979 to 1997, The Conservative Government, which was elected during the time, insisted on weakening trade union power, reducing public expenditure. Except the government policies, employers faced a more competitive market. The globalization and recession made the situation worse than they had before. During this time, employers aimed to make great profits and reduce cost, instead of good industrial relations management. The types of corporation, labour market, competition in product market, organisation culture, and tradition were taken into account when employers intended to make industrial relations policies. A very important conception whic h was largely recognized in HRM was that labour is regarded as an asset or resource. Thus, employers need to explore employees potential through motivation, training, and development. Storey (1992) proposed two famous HRM versions: soft HRM and hard HRM. Soft HRM emphasis on employees needs, such as motivation, training and work-life balance while hard HRM more emphasis on economic factors. Many researchers agreed that HRM to some extent was a threat to trade union and was a new development in employee relations (Guest, 1989, Millward, 1994) Turing to industrial relations management style, there are four types of management styles which were classified by Purcell and Sisson (Purcell and Sisson 1983 cited by Kessler, 1998): traditionalists, sophisticated paternalists, sophisticated moderns, and standard moderns. Traditionalists have one belief and are anti-union with forceful management. Sophisticated paternalists spend much time in ensuring that their employees have the right approach. Sophisticated moderns management recognized the union role in certain areas. Finally, in standard modern management Trade unions are recognized and industrial relations are seen as primarily fire-fighting and assumed to be non-problematic unless event prove otherwise. (Sid Kessler, 1998, p.114) The industrial relations management may vary in different organisations or even in different groups in a company. Although the management style may vary according to the situations, one fact was that collective involvement had been shifted to indivi dual involvement. After 1997, the employee relations management further developed. The findings of WERS 2004 show that positive contracts and communication with employees will contribute to high commitment performance and economic outcomes. Moreover, Employee involvement participation is greatly focused by employers, employee voice, teamworking, and work-life balance as well. (WERS, 2004) Industrial relations management in 1979-1997 The economic environment for industrial relations from 1979 to 1997 changed greatly. Firstly, the decline of manufacturing industry was very obvious. Secondly, unemployment problem is dramatically severe. It was reported that the number of unemployment increased from 1.6 million to 3 million from 1987-1992. Although there was a small recovery after 1992, the number of unemployment still kept on 1.5millionn in mid-1997. The high unemployment reflected a severely competitive labour market. Furthermore, the structure of economy and labour force also changed. Manufacturing industry decreased; private service sectors increased; and increasing number of women was engaged in workplace; self-employment became popular; and part-time workers, and temporary workers grew fast in that period. Finally, there was a globalized competition in product market. Interaction of these economic changes influenced industrial relations in Britain. Except the economic changes, the Conservative Governments poli cies and laws had great effects on industrial relations. The government restricted trade union power and weakened joint regulation. A series of legislative program was carried out during the time. The first legislative action was to restrict the closed shop in 1980. The Conservative thus, Governments policies and trade union membership density was directly reduced by governments policies and legislations. Shifting to industrial relations management, a more important change was that employee relations specialists and line managers replaced traditional managers role: they are more likely to be responsible for employee relations issues in 1990s. If people intend to be employee relations specialists, they need to obtain professional qualifications. And such qualification requires long relevant working experience. This change may reflect a higher demand for professional knowledge such as employment law. The management of employee relations became more complicated. The conception of human resource management was widely accepted in the late 1980s. Millward et al (2000) noted that those using the title human resource manger accounted for a third of specialists in 1998.(Millward 2000, p. 225) The employee relations specialists continued to rise in the following years. Millwards findings showed that human resource managers and employee relations specialists responsibilities are similarly. They are both responsible for pay, training, grievance handling, and payroll management. Another change was the shift of employee relations managers major work. In the early 1980s, many employee relations managers spent much time on dealing with collective industrial conflict. WERSs (1998) findings revealed that employee relations mangers pay much attention to individual grievances, particularly related to legal proceedings. Moreover, workplace managers switched more attention to collect and deliver information to employees. They use information to review organisation performance and policies. Another change was happened in industrial relations system. Multi-employer agreements affected one third of the number of workplaces in 1998 that they had in the early 1980s. (Millward , 2000, p. 227) In terms of pay, multi-employer agreements to most extent have been determined by employers themselves than workplace itself. The management became more centralized in an organisation during the 1990s. Higher authorities were more likely to make decisions than workplace managers. This could indicate that industrial relations were regarded as operational issue rather than strategic ones. Trade unions had more chance to be involved in the relationship between employers and employees. Trade unions in Britain represent employees interest. But from 1979 to 1990s, trade unions power gradually declined and lost much union membership. Employees support for trade union declined and support from management reduced as well. Many factors led to the phenomenon. The decline of manufacturing industry where were traditionally organized by trade union reduced the number of union membership. And the increasing number of women workforce and temporary workforce who have less possibility of being union membership also resulted from the decline. Another change was that there was less union recognition at workplaces, particularly in private service sectors, which increased during the time. Thus, fewer employees asked for collective bargaining to improve their pay and working conditions. Moreover, the impact of trade union on pay weakened during 1980s and 1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s, when the collective representation declined, the management in industrial relations transferred to focus on communication with employees. Millwards survey showed that communication channels between senior mangers and employees have changed from joint arrangements to direct forms of communications (Millward, 2000 p.230) Managers held regular meeting with workforce and team briefings to hear their suggestion and questions. And according to Millwards point of view, this management-dominated arrangements can improve employee treatment. Industrial relations management in post-1997 After 1997, industrial relations in Britain continued to change due to the changing external environment. However, there were many employment relations retained: the degree of numerical flexibility, the incidence of varies dispute, grievance and disciplinary procedures, the incidence of industrial actions and etc. (WERS, 2004) A variety of changes could be obtained from workplace employment relations. From WERSs findings (2004), the practice of employment relations varies largely between small and large workplace and it also varies between different sectors of industry, especially between private sectors and public sectors. Private sectors shared more proportion in workplaces from1998 to 2004. The figures from WERS2004 showed that 70 percent of workplaces were operating in private sectors compared with two-thirds in 1998. Look at all workplaces, 49 percent of employees were female and 34 percent of them were in managerial positions. Women have more chance to be managers in public sectors (46 percent) than in private service sectors (30 percent). Trade union also changed considerable and it had great impacts on industrial relations management. There was a considerable decrease in the proportion of union members. In 2004, 64 percent of workplaces didnt have union members compared with 57 percent in 1998). Union density slightly declined from 22 percent to 18 percent. Public sector accounted for more proportion of union membership than that of private sectors. Union membership density had strong relationship with management attitudes. Public sectors were more likely to provide management support for union membership than private sectors. However, the relationship between public sectors and private sectors are similarly strong. Besides that, another change of trade union in British workplaces can be found from WERS 2004 report. The proportion of union recognition in workplaces continued to decline after 1997. Only 18 percent of workplaces recognized trade union in 2004. (28 percent union recognition in1998) Furthermore, compared with 1998, union representative in workplaces spent more time on representative works. And they did more representative works than their non-union colleagues. It was reported that 43 percent of union representatives spent five hours on representative work while 33 percent spent two and four hours. Union representatives pay more attention to working condition and dispute, such as pay level, working hours, holidays. About 76 percent of union representatives attempt to recruit new members in their workplaces. But a clearly change during the period was that employees had a low preference of being a union members. In the period from 1979-1997, workplace managers were more concerned about collecting and delivering information. They continued to adopted direct communication with employees after 1997. Direct communication was further widespread between managers and employees. Figures could be found from WERS2004 report. Table 1 Direct communication and information sharing, by sector of ownership. 1998 and 2004 1998 2004 Private sectors Public sectors All Private sectors Public sectors All Direct communication Meeting with entire workforce or team briefings 82 96 85 90 97 91 Systematic use of management chain 46 75 52 41 63 45 Regular newsletter 35 59 40 72 86 74 Noticeboards 36 48 38 E-mail 36 48 38 Intranet 31 48 34 Suggestion schemes 30 30 30 Employee surveys 37 66 42 Information disclosure over Investment plans 47 59 50 40 50 41 Financial position of workplace 56 82 62 51 76 55 Financial position of organisation 66 67 66 51 53 51 Staffing Plans 55 81 61 61 81 64 (Source from Workplace Employment Relations Report2004) From the table, we can see that there were different forms of direct communication in practice. Regular meetings with entire workforce or team briefings was still popular, accounting for a dominate proportion and slightly increased from 85 percent to 91 percent during the time 1998 to 2004. A new creation of these meeting was that a part of meeting time was left to employees. Employees were allowed to propose suggestions and questions during the meeting. Suggestion scheme, staff attitude surveys and problem-solving groups were adopted by many organisations in managing employment relations during the time. Moreover, In the information disclosure over part, mangers preferred to disclose information though staffing plans (64 percent) than others. Shifting to pay determination, which is a major issue in managing employee relations, the most common pay determination was still by management unilaterally. 70 percent of workplaces used this way to pay. Only 27 percent of workplace asked for collective bargaining with unions to determine pay level. Similar to the situation of 1979 to 1997, the proportion of workplaces through collective bargaining in pay determination has continued to decrease since 1997. But public sectors were more likely to use collective bargaining than private sectors. Among 83 percent of public sectors workplaces, 82 percent of workers have their pay through collective bargaining. On the other hand, in private sectors, 26 percent of worker among 14 percent of workplaces use collective bargaining. From these figures, we can know that pay system was not unmilitary anymore. Different measurements were developed. Managers were more likely to determine pay through systematic performance and appraisal management to motivate employees. Performance-related pay, profit-related bonuses, and employee share schemes were prevalent at this stage. The way manager dealing with workplace conflict was also a change during this period. It is obvious that collective conflicts gradually reduced while individual conflicts grew. Industrial actions were less used to solve workplace conflict. most of conflicts were solved through legal procedures. But there was no big conflict happened during the time. Equal opportunities were concentrated by employers since 1997. A large number of industrial relations law was approved by government to enhance the equality in workplaces. Response to the legislation, managers implemented a range of equality policies. WERSs report (2004) revealed that 73 percent of workplaces had a written policies regarding equal treatment in 2004. 9 percent increased from 1998. These policies are largely concerned about equal opportunities for different gender, race, and disability. When implementing some HRM practice such as recruiting, selection, pay rate system, managers are required to consider these policies in employee relations management. Moreover, there was other legislation introduced to improve employer-employee relations, covering work-life balance, hours of work, flexible working arrangements, employee well-being and job satisfaction etc. All these legislation pushed employers to make some differences in industrial relations management. In the late 1990s, the relationship between employers and employees was firstly defined as partnership. Therefore, partnership practice was expected to be implemented by employers. But does partnership practice really promote the managers-employees relations. Evidence was shown in table 2 below. Table 2 managers and employees perceptions of management-employee relations, 1998 and 2004 manager employee 1998 2004 1998 2004 Very good 41 47 16 19 good 47 46 40 41 Neither 8 6 27 24 Poor 3 1 12 12 Very poor 1 0 6 4 (Source from Workplace Employment Relations Survey) Compared with managers view, employees thought relationship was slightly less improved. Except that, managers hold a relatively positive attitude towards management-employee relations. 47 percent of mangers thought they had very good relations with employees while only 19 percent of employees agreed. Partnership relationship requires mutual trust, but the reality was less satisfactory. To sum up, industrial relations management showed considerable changes. Under the adopt of partnership relations between managers and employees, Less workforce want to be union members; direct commutation was widespread in workplaces; an decreasing number of workplaces recognized unions for bargaining on pay and conditions, and collective bargaining declined as well; an range of policies were implemented in workplaces to promote equal opportunities; and managers had wider responsibilities of caring their employees on flexible working conditions, work-life balance, security, job satisfaction etc. The role and influence of employers The most famous employer association in Britain is the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). Like TUC, CBI does not directly participate in collective bargaining. Its major work is to lobby to British government for employers interests. In the last three decades, employers association gradually lost their regulative power. Since 1970s, the decentralized trend was shown in private sectors. A range of operational jobs were distributed to lower departments while head office only had strong control on certain key issues. The employer power and freedom was greatly strengthened in the last few decades. There were many causes contributed to the situation. More competitive globalization in product market and governments policies in weakening union power let employers have more power in labour field. Employers focused on performance improvement, cost reduction in labour filed. Employers play an important role in employment relations management. They formulate the management policies and style which are different in every organisation. Employers also have the rights to decide whether or not recognize unions. During the period, employers have sought to manage industrial relations with HRM techniques. They became to purse employee commitment, teamworking, and work hard in improving communication with employees. In terms of pay determination, their measures have been extended. Performance-related pay, profit related pay and employee share schemes were adopted in most workplaces. As the maker and performer of these policies, employers decision and behaviors considerably influence industrial relations management. In workplaces, employers choose certain styles of employment relations management. Non-unionism prefers Soft HRM or bleak house management style while unionism prefers partnership at work. The role and influence of government Government plays a key role in industrial relations. Its attitude towards industrial relations can largely change the current situation. It is mostly related to governments role in law. Governments polices and legislation determined employers and trade unions attitudes and conduct of employment relationship. Since 1979, The Conservative Government canceled support for collective bargaining and attempted to decrease collectivism and regulation. The government published laws to regulate equal pay and opportunities at workplaces. When Labour Party took the government, they regulated National Minimum Wage, and were more concerned about employees rights. These actions made contributions to written equality policies in organisations and to some extent influenced pay system. On the other hand, government legislation reduced the power and ability of unions to control on industrial action, closed shop policies directly reduced trade unions membership. The role and influence of trade union In Britain, there was one trade union: Trade Union Congress (TUC) and many affiliated unions. TUC dont have the rights to make industrial relations laws, their major work is to lobby government and employers on behalf of employees interest and benefits. For many HR specialists, dealing with trade unions issues was once an important work in their jobs. However, since 1979, the Conservative Government took part the government, a series of anti-union legislation dramatically weakened union power. It was calculated that union membership declined to about 7 million b from1979 to 1997. The cause was not only the political change and economy recession. Metcalf (1991, p.22) noted that the result was interacted by five factors: the economic climate, workforce market, government policies, the attitudes of employers, and union themselves. Studies show that larger organisations have more chance of Trade union presence. 64% union density was shown in public sectors. White-collars are more likely to be union membership. Labour partys return in 1997 has brought some changes, but the union power still towards a fall trend. The Employment Relations Act 1999 aims to promote union recognition. And Labour Government spent more efforts on employees interests. In the last three decades, trade union changed a lot to attract new employees. Except proving legal advice, training for representatives has been developed. And TU try to build a partnership with employers. According to E.D.Ewings study (2005), trade unions have five major functions: a service function; a representation function; a regulatory function; a government function; a public administration function.(Ewing, 2005) A service function means trade unions plays a role of providing service and benefits to members. It takes twos forms. One is more traditional, comprising health and unemployment benefits, and even insurance. The other is more professional. Trade unions provide legal advice and representation to help workers. Trade union needs to recruit new membership for survive, the service functions are usually used as a recruitment toll as they provide a variety of service such as representation to those who has grievances at workplaces, which is much more important than collective bargaining now. Representation function has gained much concern in recent years. A representation function means that trade union is responsible for employees interest and benefits. Different from service function, representation function offer much more professional support to employees. And also trade union can take the form of collective representation to assist employees. Collective representation has two major forms: consultation and bargaining. Regulatory function is the most important role of trade unions. A regulatory function means that trade unions is responsible for making rules for union membership. The role can be achieved by two ways. One is directly performed through multi-employer collective bargaining, such as Joint Industrial Councils. Another way is indirectly performed through legislation. Because decentralized organisations increased in the past few decades, the role of trade union in collective bargaining in pay and conditions has declined. By contrast, regulatory legislation is more prevalent. Government function means that trade union are involved in cooperating with government to ensure they can perform their functions under governments legislation and policies. And public administration function is similar to government function they are all engaged in implementation and delivery of government policies. Trade unions attitude towards management has changed in recent years. Many trade unions now focus much on business. They attempt to develop flexible, motivated workforce and partnership not only equal treatment. Conclusion There have been great changes in UKs industrial relations. During the 1979-1997 periods, Britain suffered a great recession. The proportion of manufacturing industry declined. Unemployment problem is dramatically severe. The competitive labour market worsens the unemployment problem. The structure of economy and labour force also changed as well. Public service sectors grew quickly during this time. and increasing number of women, self-employment, part-time worker and temporary workers grow were engaged in workplace. Besides the economic changes, government restricted trade union power. And a series of legislation was carried out in order to control the activities of organized labour. The interaction of economic and political factors reduced the trade union membership density. In workplaces, employee relations specialists and line managers replaced traditional managers role. They become responsible for handing employee relations issues. Compared with traditional responsibilities, it was reported that employee relations mangers pay much attention to individual grievances, particularly related to legal proceedings. Employees support for trade union and support from management both declined. Finally, when the collective representation decreased, the management in industrial relations transferred to focus on communication with employees. Direct forms of communications were more prevalent at workplaces. In post-1997, Labour Party took the government; they attempted to enhance union recognition despite the gradual decline of union density. But they were increasingly concerned about employees rights, such as National Minimum Wage. Managers were more likely to determine pay level by diverse pay system: performance related pay, profit-related bonuses, and employee share schemes. Managers worked hard on improving employer-employee relations. Direct communications was widespread at the time. Managers actively listen to employees suggestion and questions. Management scheme covered more issues than before, such as work-life balance, flexible working arrangement, and equal opportunities. Due to governments support and the weaken power of trade unions, employers have more freedom and power. Employers can decide whether or not to be union members at workplaces and also can choose management style in industrial relations. Government as a law-maker plays a crucial role in industrial relations management. Trade unions represent the interests of employees, have five major functions: service function; representation function; regulatory function; government function; and public administration function.

Quest for Self-Identity in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing and The Bell Jar

As the post-colonial criticism developed, the theorists have agreed upon the fact that the role of feminism in the post-colonial practice is crucial. Moreover, these two theories clearly have the same goals. On the one hand, the main objective of both of them is to disclose the traditional power structures, both patriarchal and imperial. On the other hand, both feminism and post-colonial criticism aim to show the way the writers challenge the respective forms of authority. The main concerns of the post-colonial criticism are the formation of canon, the phases through which imperialism and decolonization have gone, as well as how these processes are expressed in literature. What is more, the criticism is also concerned with the ways of resistance within literary pieces, such as rewritings of traditional concepts and creating voices that stand in opposition. All these issues become the matrix and concern of feminist criticism. Not the least, crucial to feminism is also pointing at the notion of diversity. For many women, the process of writing is an expression of themselves, it allows them to â€Å"throw off their chains† and to struggle for more autonomy. The twentieth century has given rise to women’s efforts to fight for their rights in the Western world. In the forties, they were relatively emancipated, since they perceived the encouragements to enter the workplace. There, they could enjoy a relative independence and they felt responsible. They proved that they can be â€Å"effectual workers†, but when the World War II was over, they had to face new requirements: they had to give up the jobs to the males coming back from the war (â€Å"Feminism†). They were and felt misplaced, everyone expected them to take care of their homeplace instead. ... ..., Eadaoin. â€Å"Colonialism in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing.† 12 Apr. 2003. Aspenlieder, Erin. â€Å"Tips for Surviving ‘Atwood’: Confronting the Complexities of the Wilderness Celebrity.† Margaret Atwood Studies. 3.1 (Sept. 2009): 3-11. Benson, E., and L.W. Conolly, â€Å"Routledge Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. London: Routledge, 1994. Cheadle, Richard. â€Å"On: Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing.† 2006. 3 June 2010 Parker, Ema. â€Å"You Are What You Eat: The Politics of Eating in the Novels of Margaret† . Atwood.† Twentieth Century Literature. June 10, 2010. Perloff, Marjori (Autumn 1972). â€Å"A Ritual for Being Born Twice": Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar". Contemporary Literature (University of Wisconsin Press), March 13, 2012. Wagner-Martin, Linda (1988). Sylvia Plath, the Critical Heritage. New York: Routledge, May 21, 2001.

Overcoming Fear Essay

Fear can be a very crippling emotion. When I was little, my biggest fear was falling off of a bicycle. I was always afraid of bicycles because I watched my best friend fall off of one and break her arm. As I got older, however, I realized that learning how to ride a bike could be very beneficial, as well as a lot of fun. Something I did not know at the time, however, was that learning how to ride would end up being beneficial to me in other ways as well. One day, when I was about eight years old, I asked my grandfather if he would teach me how to ride the bicycle he had bought for me two years earlier. He looked at me and said, â€Å"Are you finally ready, honey?† After telling him yes, my grandfather said that he would take me out that Saturday and give me my first riding lesson. As Saturday approached, I grew more and more apprehensive. Part of me was really looking forward to learning how to ride, while the other part of me was scared to death of falling off and getting hurt. My grandfather seemed to sense my fear, and when Saturday arrived, he took me to the local bicycle shop. We went straight to the section of the store that had all kinds of knee and elbow pads, as well as other protective equipment for riding bicycles, skating, and other activities. He told me to pick out the knee and elbow pads I liked best and said that they would help prevent me from getting hurt if I fell off of my bike. When we got back home, he helped me put on my pads and then went and got my bicycle out of the garage. He showed me how to get on the bike, and then proceeded to walk beside me, holding onto the bike as I pedaled down the sidewalk. Once we turned the corner at the end of the block, my grandfather let go for the first time. He stayed right beside me, ready to catch me if I started to tilt sideways. I was only able to go a few feet before my grandfather had to catch me. He continued to encourage me to keep trying, and, after falling off several times, I was finally able to ride my bicycle up and down the sidewalk in front of my house without any help from my grandfather whatsoever. I learned that riding a bicycle was a lot easier than I could have ever dreamed. By buying me the knee and elbow pads and telling me that they would help protect me, my grandfather helped to diminish my fear of riding a bicycle. Now when I am faced with a situation that scares me, I think back to that day my grandfather taught me how to ride. I may still feel fear from time to time, but I know that I can overcome it by asking myself, â€Å"What will help me to conquer my fear?†Bibliography not needed – This is a true depiction of an actual event in my childhood.

Movie Review O Brother, Where Art Thou - 1305 Words

O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a film that will surely make you want to fall out of your chair laughing, and make you want to get up and dance. This film is an absolute classic. It is hilarious, adventurous, and makes you feel good about yourself. The most unique thing about this film is the main characters break out of jail for the wrong reason, and then go on a wild chase trying to get home. Another unique part about this film is that the main character is currently divorced and wanting to remarry his ex-wife. The film, O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a classic comedy because it has well-rounded characters, adventure, and a little bit of love. There are several aspects of a film that will make a good comedy. A good comedy needs well-rounded characters, adventure, and a love story. If a film has well-rounded characters the viewer can relate to them in some way. If a film has adventure there is never a dull moment that will lull the viewer to sleep, and it’s packed full of crazy obstacles the characters have to pull through. If there is a love story of some kind, serious or funny, it will keep the viewer interested throughout the entire film, and keep the viewer wondering what is going to happen in the end. When a comedy has these things it will surely be a good comedic film. O Brother, Where Art Thou? is based off of Homer’s The Odyssey. After breaking out of jail, Everett, Pete, and Delmar make their way to Everett’s hometown where a treasure has been buried. They haveShow MoreRelatedO Brother Where Art Thou1597 Words   |  7 Pages12, 2008 Film Analysis â€Å"O Brother Where Art Thou† This old time musical theatrical movie clip was an insightful blast from the past that made you cherish those days where it was inconceivable to not be a gentlemen, and it was a down right shame to be anything less then an honest women. 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